On April 29, 2025, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) proposed a far-reaching restriction on the use of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) substances across the EU, aiming to significantly reduce cancer risks and environmental harm.

Background

Cr(VI) compounds are heavily used in electroplating, surface treatments, aviation, and defense industries. These substances, recognized as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH due to their carcinogenic properties, currently require authorization for use. However, the volume of applications has overwhelmed both regulators and industry, prompting the European Commission to task ECHA with shifting Cr(VI) substances from Annex XIV (Authorization List) to Annex XVII (Restrictions List)—a move toward broader bans with limited exemptions.

Key Elements of the Proposal

1. Scope and Exemptions

• Targeted Substances: Chromic anhydride, chromic acid, dichromic acid, their salts, and barium sulfate (a problematic substitute).
  
• Permitted Uses (under strict controls):
  
  
  • Electroplating (plastic/metal)
    
    
  • Mixture formulation
    
    
  • Surface treatments and additives
    
    
  • Primer and slurry production
    
    

2. Exposure and Emission Limits

• Worker Exposure: 0.1–5 µg/m³ (8-hour time-weighted average), based on use category
  
• Environmental Emissions:
  
  
  • Air: 0.025–2.5 kg/year
    
  • Water: 0.15–15 kg/year
    

3. Transition Period

An 18-month transition period is proposed to allow risk management implementation before the restrictions take effect.

Restriction Options Evaluated

Three regulatory scenarios were assessed:

ECHA recommends RO1 and RO2 as proportionate solutions balancing public health and industrial viability.

Projected Impacts

• Emission Reductions: Up to 17 tons of Cr(VI) annually
  
  
• Net Benefits: Estimated at €331 million–€1.07 billion over 20 years
  
  
• Societal Costs: Between €314 million and €3.23 billion, including retrofitting, substitutions, and potential relocations
  
  

Next Steps

A public consultation opens on June 18, 2025, with webinars to guide stakeholder input. ECHA’s scientific committees will evaluate responses before the European Commission and member states make a final decision.

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